Current status and prospects of GREM1 research in cancer (Review)

GREM1 is a secreted protein that antagonizes bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and participates in critical biological processes, including embryonic development, organogenesis tissue differentiation. Gremlin 1 (GREM1) also an inhibitor of TGF‑β ligand for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. In addition, can induce cells, participate the process epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, then tumor development. has variety functions malignant progression tumors through BMP signaling pathway. inhibit some tumors, thereby inhibiting its involvement development varies different types cancer. The present review examines role function tumors. expressed types. expression affect transformation cells. been studied breast colon cancer, potential to promote However, pancreatic which was found act differently from other cancer types, overexpression inhibits metastasis. suggests be diagnostic prognostic indicator. future studies, study based on single‑cell sequencing technology will further clarify